Feeling Lost in Secondary Activities? Fear No More!
Worried about Chapter 5: Secondary Activities in your Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography)? This guide is your passport to conquering Chapter 5 and acing your exams.
Dive into powerful Q&As that answer all your burning questions – trade's intricacies, transport's influence, and communication's evolution. Plus, grab our free PDF for handy revision anytime, anywhere!
Time to become a geography whiz! Let's go!
| Class | 12 |
| Board | CBSE & State Boards |
| Subject | Geography |
| Book | Fundamentals of Human Geography |
| Chapter No. | 5 |
| Chapter Name | Secondary Activities |
| Content Type | Important Questions and Answers |
Secondary Activities Class 12 Important Questions Answers
Q. No. 1) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
i. Secondary activities are mainly concerned with which of the following?
a. Manufacturing industries
b. Processing industries
c. Construction or infrastructure industries
d. All the above
Ans. Option (d)
ii. Which of the following is not a characteristic of modern large-scale manufacturing?
a. Specialisation of skills
b. Organizational structure and stratification
c. Technological invention
d. Lack of mechanization
Ans. Option (d)
iii. Which of the following are the characteristics of the Agri-business farm?
a. Farms are mechanized and large in size
b. It is commercial farming on an industrial scale often financed by a business whose main interest lies outside agriculture.
c. Reliant on chemicals
d. All of the above
Ans. Option (d)
iv. Which of the following minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries?
a. Coal, Limestone, Dolomite
b. Bauxite, Mica, Limestone
c. Iron Ore, Manganese, Chromite
d. Iron Ore, Copper, Limestone
Ans. Option (c)
v. Which of the following is not a feature of a small-scale industry?
a. They use local raw material
b. They use advanced technology
c. They use simple power-driven machines
d. They engage semi-skilled labour.
Ans. Option (b)
Q. No. 2) SOURCE BASED QUESTION
Manufacturing literally means ‘to make by hand’. However, now it includes goods ’made by machines’. It is essentially a process that involves transforming raw materials into finished goods of higher value for sale in local or distant markets. Conceptually, an industry is a geographically located manufacturing unit maintaining books of accounts and records under a management system. As the term industry is comprehensive, it is also used as synonymous with ‘manufacturing’. When one uses terms like ‘steel industry’ and ‘chemical industry’, one thinks of factories and processes. But there are many secondary activities that are not carried on in factories such as what is now called the ‘entertainment industry’ and ‘Tourism industry’, etc. So for clarity, the longer expression ‘manufacturing industry’ is used.
i. What do you understand by the term Manufacturing?
ii. “Manufacturing involves value addition.” Explain with anyone a suitable example.
iii. Name two industries that provide services rather than the production of goods.
Ans. i. Manufacturing literally means ‘to make by hand’. However, now it includes goods ’made by machines’.
ii. It is essentially a process that involves transforming raw materials into finished goods of higher value. For example: Raw cotton is transformed into more valuable threads and then threads are further transformed into more valuable fabric.
iii. The ‘entertainment industry’ and ‘Tourism industry’.
Q. No. 3) Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products. Justify the statement with suitable examples.
Ans. Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products through various processes like manufacturing, processing, and construction.
The examples are as follows:
- Cotton in the boll has limited use, but after transforming into yarn, it becomes more valuable and can be used for making clothes.
- Iron ore cannot be used directly from the mines but after being converted into steel, it gets its value and can be used for making many valuable machines, tools, etc.
- Materials from the farms, forest products, and resources of the sea can be put to greater use by processing in secondary activities.
Q. No. 4) Explain the factors influencing industrial location.
Ans. Industries should be located at points where the production costs are minimum.
Some of the factors influencing industrial locations are as under:
- Access to Market: Market refers to the people for whom goods are manufactured. The market affects the location of an industry. A manufacturing unit is established near the market area. Areas having more population are big markets for manufactured goods, as compared to areas having less population. Apart from it, areas having a population with more purchasing power also have a big market.
- Access to Raw Material: Industries that use heavy, bulky, and weight-losing raw materials are established near the source of raw material. For e.g. in sugar industries, sugarcane is a perishable and weight-losing raw material. To reduce the transport cost, industries are located near a source of raw material.
- Access to Sources of Energy: Industries using more power and energy are established near the source of energy, e.g. aluminum industry.
- Access to Transportation and Communication: Industries are located in areas that have an efficient transport network to get the raw material from various regions and supply manufactured goods to the market. The communication network is also needed to communicate with consumers. Thus, transport and communication are important factors that affect the location of an industry.
- Government Policies: Favourable government policies that promote industrialization is also important in deciding the location of an industry.
Q. No. 5) Classify industries on the basis of the raw material used. Explain each of them with examples.
Ans.
- Agro-based industries: These industries process the raw material from the agricultural field into finished products to be consumed in the market. Major agro-based industries are food processing, sugar, fruit juices, etc.
- Mineral based industries: These industries use minerals such as iron, copper, cement as raw material.
- Chemical based industries: These industries use natural chemical minerals such as Petroleum, salts, sulphur, etc.
- Forest based industries: These industries use material provided by the forest such as, timber for furniture industry, wood, grass, bamboo for paper industry, etc.
- Animal based industries: Raw material in these industries is obtained from animals. For example, wool for woolen textiles, ivory from elephant tusks, and leather from animal hides.
Q. No. 6) XYZ is a logistics company that provides courier services to customers. It is not dependent on any specific natural resources or labour skills that are only available in a certain location. List five reasons that classify XYZ as an example of a footloose industry.
Ans.
- Location flexibility: XYZ can be established in a wide variety of places, as it is not dependent on specific raw materials or weight-intensive processes. It can operate in different areas based on customer courier demand.
- Component parts dependency: XYZ primarily relies on component parts for its operations, such as vehicles, computers, and software. These components can be obtained from anywhere, which allows XYZ to source its supplies from various locations, without being tied to specific regions.
- Small-scale production: XYZ generally operates in small quantities and employs a relatively smaller labour force. It does not focus on large-scale manufacturing, but rather on providing delivery services. This enables XYZ to operate with a relatively small team.
- Lesser pollution than other industries: XYZ's operations are generally not polluting in nature. It does not involve heavy manufacturing processes or produce significant pollution. This makes XYZ a more environmentally friendly option than most other industries.
- Accessibility by road network: The key factor in the location of XYZ is its accessibility by road network. It needs to be easily reachable for delivery agents to efficiently transport packages to customers. Hence, having good connectivity through road networks is crucial for its location decisions.
Q. No. 7) Examine the features of cottage manufacturing or household industries.
Ans. The features of cottage manufacturing or household industries:
- It is the smallest manufacturing unit.
- Use of local raw materials and simple tools by the artisans.
- Goods are produced for everyday use in the homes of artisans with the help of family members.
- Finished products are used in the same household or sold in the local market.
- Some common examples of products produced in this sector include food stuffs, containers, fabrics, tools, furniture, figurines, jewellery, pottery etc.
Q. No. 8) Classify industries on the basis of raw materials with examples.
Ans. Industries based on Inputs/Raw Materials
On the basis of the raw materials used, the industries are classified as:
- agro-based (example: food processing, sugar, rubber, etc.)
- mineral based (example: Iron and steel industry, cement industry, etc.)
- chemical based (example: petrochemical industry, synthetic fibre, etc.)
- forest based; (example: paper industry, furniture industry, etc.)
- animal based (example: leather industry, woolen textile industry, etc.)
Q. No. 9) Describe the three types of industries based on ownership with one example each.
Ans. Public Sector Undertakings
- owned and governed by the governments
- more prevalent in socialist economies
- GAIL
Private Sector Undertakings
- owned and managed by individual investors
- more prevalent in capitalist economies
- Tata Steel
Joint Sector Undertakings
- owned and managed by joint stock companies
- Maruti Udyog
Q. No. 10) Explain why high-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral areas of major metropolitan centers.
Ans.
- Land is generally cheap in the peripheral areas of the cities and is available in abundance. Single-storey buildings can be built.
- The peripheral areas can be well connected with roadway and railway network used by high tech industries.
- Cheap and skilled labour is easily available from the nearby areas.
- Highly skilled specialists and professionals are available in major metropolitan centres.
- The features of high tech industrial landscape are neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed office plant-lab buildings for which the peripheral areas of the cities are most suited.
Q. No. 11) Explain the prominent features of Traditional Large Scale industrial regions.
Ans. Traditional industrial regions can be recognized by:
- High proportion of employment in manufacturing industry. High-density housing, often of inferior type, and poor services. Unattractive environment, for example, pollution, waste heaps, and so on.
- Problems of unemployment, emigration and derelict land areas caused by closure of factories.
Q. No. 12) How has the rise of high-tech industries changed the landscape of global manufacturing?
Ans.
- Increased automation: High-tech industries rely heavily on automation, which has led to a decrease in the number of manual manufacturing jobs. This has also led to an increase in the demand for skilled workers who can operate and maintain automated machinery.
- Globalisation: High-tech industries are often globalised, with companies setting up operations in different countries to take advantage of lower labour costs and other factors. This has led to a more competitive global manufacturing landscape.
- Innovation: High-tech industries are constantly innovating, which has led to the development of new products and processes. This has helped to improve the quality and efficiency of manufacturing, and it has also created new markets for high-tech products.
- Sustainability: High-tech industries are increasingly focused on sustainability, which has led to the development of new manufacturing processes that are less harmful to the environment. This is important as manufacturing is a major contributor to pollution and climate change.
- The rise of new business models: High-tech industries have led to the rise of new business models, such as computing and software as a service. These models have changed the way that businesses operate and consume products and services.
Q. No. 13) “High technology, or simply high-tech, is the latest generation of manufacturing activities”. Justify the statement with suitable arguments.
Ans. High technology or high-tech is the latest generation of industries which has grown at a rapid pace during the last few decades. The following features are as follows: -
- High-Tech industries require great deal of scientific research and development (R&D) and produce highly sophisticated products. These Industries improve their products very fast to meet the growing market demands.
- As their products are highly sophisticated therefore it requires highly skilled labour.
- Professional (White Collar) workers are main work force.
- Robotics on the assembly line, computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining process are notable examples of high-tech industry.
- Neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office-plant-lab buildings rather than massive assembly structures, factories and storage are mark the high-tech industrial landscape.
Q. No. 14) How technological innovations are important aspect of modern manufacturing industries? Explain any five aspects.
Ans. Technological innovations through research and development strategies are an important aspect of modern manufacturing for quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency and combating pollution.
Three aspects in this regard are as under:
- Complex machine technology is needed so that high quality goods are produced at less time.
- It requires vast capital so that machines with the latest technology can be used in manufacturing.
- Extreme specialisation and division of labour is required, that can work efficiently on the machines.
- The industries use machines for the production processes. Automation is the advanced stage of mechanization wherein, human thinking during the manufacturing process is not required.
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